Assessment of nutritional status and body image perceptions on immigrants

The valuation of the nutritional status and body image perception of the immigrant population is important to detect exposed groups at risk and to make nutritional recommendations. The assessment of nutritional status can be carried out through different methods, among which Anthropometric ones are especially recommended in case of large immigrant flow. This assessment is an important basis for developing an effective strategy to improve nutrition and health status in immigrants

Human Activity Patterns and Skeletal Metric Indicators in the Upper Limb

This study investigates skeletal metric traits of long bones of upper limb and the relationship between these traits and human activity in males of a recent, well-documented skeletal sample of Italian population from the Frassetto collection (Department of Experimental Evolutionary Biology, University of Bologna). The study analyzes the impact of some human activities on the skeleton, taking into account the possibility of an assessment of functional stresses caused by these activities on the basis of metric characteristics. The data consist of measurements of linear and angular bone traits, obtained by traditional and new instruments. With the purpose to find out the best indicators of occupational stress among the measured traits and indices, univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were carried out. Then the results obtained previously were used to analyze a sample with unknown occupation. The efficacy of metric stress indicators is discussed

Human Activity Patterns and Skeletal Metric Indicators in the Upper Limb

This study investigates skeletal metric traits of long bones of upper limb and the relationship between these traits and human activity in males of a recent, well-documented skeletal sample of Italian population from the Frassetto collection (Department of Experimental Evolutionary Biology, University of Bologna). The study analyzes the impact of some human activities on the skeleton, taking into account the possibility of an assessment of functional stresses caused by these activities on the basis of metric characteristics. The data consist of measurements of linear and angular bone traits, obtained by traditional and new instruments. With the purpose to find out the best indicators of occupational stress among the measured traits and indices, univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were carried out. Then the results obtained previously were used to analyze a sample with unknown occupation. The efficacy of metric stress indicators is discussed

Current immigration to Europe from North Africa. Health and physical activity

Immigration to Europe - especially from neighbouring North Africa - is a consistent phenomenon with social and health-related implications. Even if in many cases immigrants come from lower-income countries, their health status is better than that of European-born citizens at immigration time, given their younger age. Still, the adoption of a Western life style, with increased caloric intake and reduced physical activity, may soon lead to a deterioration of individual health. European-born individuals engage more often in leisure-time physical activity than immigrants (especially women) and follow a more healthy diet. Thus, obesity, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes may have a higher prevalence in accustomed immigrants

Spondylolisthesis in an Etruscan Woman from Spina (Ferrara, Italy): an Iron Age Case Report

Spondylolisthesis consists of the slippage of a vertebra in relation to the one beneath. It is caused by separation of the neural arch from the vertebral body (spondylolysis), and predominantly occurs at the isthmus (pars interarticularis). Originally thought to be a congenital anomaly, its strict correlation with certain activities that seem to exert stress on lower spine was later demonstrated. This paper describes a case of progression of spondylolysis to spondylolisthesis found on an adult female skeleton from the Etruscan necropolis of Spina (Ferrara, Italy). The case in question was identified among 209 skeletons exhumed at Spina. As spondylolisthesis is strictly connected with activities that exert stress on lower spine, the evidence suggests that this woman was engaged in stressful physical activity, perhaps related to the specific trade function of the site

Spondylolisthesis in an Etruscan Woman from Spina (Ferrara, Italy): an Iron Age Case Report

Spondylolisthesis consists of the slippage of a vertebra in relation to the one beneath. It is caused by separation of the neural arch from the vertebral body (spondylolysis), and predominantly occurs at the isthmus (pars interarticularis). Originally thought to be a congenital anomaly, its strict correlation with certain activities that seem to exert stress on lower spine was later demonstrated. This paper describes a case of progression of spondylolysis to spondylolisthesis found on an adult female skeleton from the Etruscan necropolis of Spina (Ferrara, Italy). The case in question was identified among 209 skeletons exhumed at Spina. As spondylolisthesis is strictly connected with activities that exert stress on lower spine, the evidence suggests that this woman was engaged in stressful physical activity, perhaps related to the specific trade function of the site

Weight status, fatness and body image perception of North African immigrant women in Italy

Objective: To investigate the nutritional status of North African (NA) immigrant women in Italy, analysing their body size, adiposity and body image perception in comparison to Italian natives and NA residents. Design: The study utilized a cross-sectional design. Anthropometric traits were directly measured and a few indices were computed as proxy measures of nutritional status and adiposity. Body image perception was assessed using silhouette drawings. ANCOVA, adjusted for age, was used to compare anthropometric traits among different groups of women and the χ2 test to analyse differences in the prevalence of nutritional status. Setting: Italy and North Africa (Tunisia, Morocco). Subjects: A sample of 433 women aged 18–60 years old: NA immigrants (n 105); Italians (n 100); Tunisians (n 104); Moroccans (n 124). Results: Overweight/obesity prevalence was very high in immigrants (79·8 %). Immigrants had the highest BMI value, the greatest hip circumference and mid upper-arm circumference. Their triceps skinfold thickness was significantly higher than that of Italians, but lower than that of NA residents. Conclusions: NA immigrant women in Italy showed a higher incidence of overweight compared with Italians and NA residents. All groups showed a preference for a thinner body in comparison to their actual bodies and the immigrants are the most dissatisfied. Immigrants remain a high-risk group for obesity. Assessment of their body composition and health risk profile should be improved by using specific anthropometric measures that are easy to collect even in the case of large migration flows

Quantitative ultrasonometry for the diagnosis of osteoporosis in human skeletal remains: New methods and standards

Abstract Osteoporosis, a complex and heterogeneous disorder with a multi-factorial etiology, is characterized by abnormal bone loss leading to an increased risk of fractures. In recent years, the study of osteoporosis and bone mineral quality has received increasing interest by biological anthropologists. In particular, the study of bone quality in ancient populations in relation to sex, age and cultural background can provide important insights into the diachronic evolution of a seemingly modern pathology. However, a number of challenges remain in the determination of bone loss in ancient remains, partly due to the methodological approaches applied in the anthropological analysis. This underlines the need for a new methodology and new standards, specifically created and adapted to human skeletal remains. The current study aims to develop a new methodology to assess bone quality in modern and ancient human skeletal remains using Quantitative Ultrasonometry, applied for the first time to a skeletal sample of known age-at-death and sex (Frassetto collection, University of Bologna). After the assessment of intra- and inter-observer reliability, new ultrasonometric standards based on the analysis of age-related and sex-related changes in bone quantity and quality were created, providing a reference point for the analysis of osteoporosis and bone loss in skeletal remains. The applicability of the method was tested in a medieval sample including both males and females. The low intra- and inter-observer errors suggest that the Phalangeal Ultrasonometry is a reliable and valid technique that can be applied to modern and ancient human skeletons

Chinese Women in Italy – Menarche, Pregnancy and Maternity

The purpose of this study was to assess the well-being and health status of Chinese immigrant women in Italy. The subjects (mean 29.5 years) frequented the »Health Center for Foreign Women and their Children« in Bologna, Italy. Information on living conditions, biological characteristics and pregnancy or maternity was obtained through interviews of the women in the Center during normal medical visits. Data on menarche age were based on the retrospective method since all the women were in China at the onset of menarche. Social factors influencing the health and behavior of Chinese women in Italian society are discussed. The analysis on children sex ratio at birth indicates that the old cultural Chinese tradition of son preference still continues to exist. These women have achieved a socio-economic improvement and generally good health status in Italy. The difficult living conditions they faced in China are indirectly reflected in their delayed puberty (14.4±1.4 years). The delayed sexual development was probably due to the same situation of severe poverty that forced them to migrate

Growth and Nutritional Status of Tibetan Children at High Altitude

Growth and development are clearly affected by high-altitude exposure to hypoxia, nutritional stress, cold or a combination of these factors. Very little research has been conducted on the growth and nutritional status of children living on the Tibetan Plateau. The present study evaluated the environmental impact on human growth by analyzing anthropometric characteristics of Tibetan children aged 8–14, born and raised above 4000 m altitude on the Himalayan massif in the prefecture of Shegar in Tibet Autonomous Region. Data on anthropometric traits, never measured in this population, were collected and the nutritional status was assessed. A reference data set is provided for this population. There was no evidence of wasting but stunting was detected (28.3%). Children permanently exposed to the high-altitude environment above 4000 m present a phenotypic form of adaptation and a moderate reduction in linear growth. However, it is also necessary to consider the effects of socioeconomic deprivation